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• Avendafio-Garro, Kenia. Rivera and Corridos: Teachers of the Mexican Revolution. MU11/HS117

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• Avendafio-Garro, Kenia. Rivera and Corridos: Teachers of the Mexican Revolution. MU11/HS117 (top)

  What is Mexico? This was the question running through the minds of almost all the peoples of Mexico at the opening of the twentieth century. According to Meyer and Beezley's Oxford History of Mexico, by 1900, 90 percent of Mexico's industry was monopolized by foreign businesses and about 30 percent of Mexico's land was trapped in foreign hands (436). It is thus no surprise that the Mexican populace yearned and struggled to establish their true identity-their Mexicanidad-ironically in their own country. Utilizing the Mexican Revolution of 1910 as their classroom, some believed that they not only had the right, but also the responsibility to become teachers of a cultural distinctiveness. Musicians and painters alike took it upon themselves to fashion the ideal textbooks of Mexico's indigenous past, its turbulent present, and its promising future in order to "educate" the largely illiterate Mexican masses.

  Music was an extremely important part of the early Mexican Indians' culture and life. They used it to teach the children of their rich history and preserve their native traditions. In fact, Reilly and Jermyn emphasize that the Mexican Indians believed that music was the key to keeping the world in motion (96), even in times of chaos. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was the most chaotic and bloody revolution in Mexican history. According to statistics in Miller's Mexico, A History, one million out of a population of 15 million died in the span of a mere ten years (293). Endless battles smeared blood across the country, government policies were thrown into complete disarray, countless bandits purged cities and towns, and civilians were utterly confused to which side they belonged. Whether they liked it or not, everyone in Mexico was absorbed into the mess of war, whether it was through their fight for freedom, their need for identity, or their desire to escape conflict. In tumultuous and bewildering times, the music of the corridos, or Mexican folk songs, was essential to ensure the continuation oflife for the common people of Mexico. Guillermo E. Hernandez, an expert on corridos and Latin American popular culture, defines the corrido simply as "A narrative song composed in Spanish that recounts the historical circumstances surrounding a protagonist whose conduct serves as a model to a community in the U.S. or Mexico" (qtd. in Nicolopulos 115). However, especially for the common people of Mexico living during the Revolution period, corridos were more than that. Their anonymity made them genuine "expressions of the heart" (Summers), written by the people for the people. They were vessels that carried stories that the war-tom Mexicans wanted to hear: valuable news to those who could not read, light-hearted entertainment to those who could not smile, and nationalistic spirit to those who could not fight.

  A common Revolutionary saying was, "[pancho] Villa was hated by thousands but beloved by millions" (Miller 309). Throughout the Revolution, North Division commander Francisco "Pancho" Villa's charismatic bravery and innovative tactics inspired immense loyalty and even idolatry from a large portion of the Mexican population. His slogan of" Tierra y Libertad! [Land and Liberty]" (qtd. in Miller 292) promised the impoverished masses what they most desired and characterized him as a hero in a heroic age. In other words, he was the perfect protagonist for popular corridos. The song "Corrido de Durango" implements a mixture of fact and fiction that invokes a larger than life image of Villa, reflecting how he was thought of in the eyes of those he fought for. Its characteristic narrative opening and ending make the corrido sound like a story, which makes it easy to sing and easy to follow. However, while most corridos begin with a specific date and time of the occurrence, this one only reveals the setting: "In Durango he started. . ." Other than Villa's political support for Pancho 1. Madero, there is actually very little specific information throughout the song, making it seem even more like a mythical story. Villa's statement in the song, "I don't know the meaning of fear" portrays him as a modem Hercules and a hero for the people who would face any obstacle to fight for his country, or at least the side he stood for. Although his "career as a bandit" may give him a negative reputation, during the Revolution, a bandit had a positive connotation for the Mexican revolutionaries and townspeople. Bandits could plunder towns and bring destruction, but they could also be symbols of defiance, freedom, and hope, which were important values during a time of restriction, chaos, and despair. According to the article "Pancho Villa: A Life in Corridos", the Mexican peoples were eager to hear of Pancho Villa's exploits throughout the Revolution (Sullivan). Therefore, the corridos he starred in were certainly the essence of Mexican nationalism, giving many of the poor a reason for celebration, determination, and pride.

  The artwork that appeared around the time of the Mexican Revolution was just as much a visual ballad as the corridos were an audio one. It incorporated valiant heroes and malicious villains, glorified myths and terrible truths, shattered hopes and uplifting dreams. Then it unfurled itself out on the walls of public buildings, hospitals, and schools to teach the Mexican world-and the whole world-what Mexico was, is, and will be. One ofthe most influential artists ofthe time was Diego Rivera. He, along with Jose Clemente Orozco and David Siqueiros, were the founders of the artistic movement called, perhaps somewhat pompously, the Mexican Renaissance. Rivera, however, was different from his painter colleagues. As Rivera expert Pete Hamill indicates, when the Revolution broke out, Siqueiros gave up painting and joined the Constitutionalist Army, Orozco served as a field artist and walked among death, but Diego Rivera went to Paris (44). In other words, Rivera's life was as chaotic and contradicting as the Revolution itself. Although he was a painter of Mexican Revolution art, he was a communist during a revolution where communism had little relevance, and he was not even in Mexico during the bloodiest years of conflict. He claimed to endorse the Revolution sentiment and support the common man, but, arguably, Rivera worked for a primarily personal gain. Though he often had little money in his pockets, he was a huge man with a huge ego. Unlike the authors of corridos, Diego Rivera was not "the people", but rather, he was above the people. He was a divine professor who painted to instruct rather than to relate and to give rather than to share.

  Yet, for some reason, Diego Rivera was one of the most influential artists of his time and his art has become a characteristic symbol of the Mexican Revolution. Former director of the Museum of Latin American Art, Gregorio Luke even goes as far as to say, "When people close their eyes and think of Mexico, most of the time, they imagine a world similar to that described by Diego Rivera in his paintings." One reason for this is that, despite his complex background and arrogant personality, Rivera had indisputable skill as a painter. In such works as "Dance in Tehuantepec", his vibrant colors and socio¬ cultural themes bring his paintings to life and have the power to captivate an audience, both Mexican and foreign. In the painting "Agrarian Leader Zapata", the traditional clothing, peasant tools, and gallant, white horse portrays the Revolution leader as a respected persona of the people. The children in such murals as "Ribbon Dance" are active and plump while in reality they were often sick and starving. Each work forcefully struggles to portray an image of an ideal Mexico full of energy, tradition, and strength during a time when the real Mexico remained flooded in confusion, poverty, and death. Also, the fact that Rivera started painting his famous murals of the Mexican Revolution three years after it ended is significant. By this time, the people's memory of it did not change, but their thoughts and ideas of it did. Those of authority, especially, manipulated the nationalistic and agrarian principles of the Revolution in order to better the peasantry and unite the country under a single "Mexican" identity. Rivera's main employer, Jose Vasconcelos, was himself an ambitious man full of contradictions. He was a racist and a mystic and yet he wished to thrust Mexico into a new age of modernity. According to Pete Hamill, "Vasconcelos would teach Mexico to read. He would give it great art. He would restore its vanished cultural grandeur. He would create, in short, a Mexican renaissance" (81). Through art, both Vasconcelos and Rivera believed that they could sketch a distinctiveness for the people, paint a utopia for the future, and thus create a ITesh heroic image for the country that they could boast to the world. Once the last coat of paint had dried, not only was Mexico given an identity, but its Revolution was also given a new outlook.

  Although corridos came ITom below and murals came ITom above, they both met in the middle as a form of Mexican Revolution propaganda. Were they entirely factual? Not at all. Were they objective? Of course not. On the contrary, events were highly exaggerated, figures were gloriously ornamented, and history was reenacted to gain public support. The purpose of the Mexican music and artwork that began to appear during the early 1900s was to idealize the Revolution, perhaps even simplify it, in order to focus the Mexican people's minds on the future they needed to define for themselves and for their country.

  Cited Sources

  • "Artist Diego Rivera." 15 July 1999. Webcast The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. Prod. Jim Lehrer. PBS. KQED, San Francisco. Accessed on 06 February 2009. <http://www.pbs.org/newshourlbb/ entertainmentljuly-dec99/rivera _7 -15 .html> .
  • "Diego Rivera." The Diego Rivera Mural Proiect 2004. City College of San Francisco. 06 Feb. 2009. <http://www.riveramural.com/article.asp?section=mural&key=999&language=english> .
  • Duiker, William J. and Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History. Vol. IT: Since 1500. Wadsworth, 2003. Hamill, Pete. Diego Rivera. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999. .
  • Los Durados de Durango. "Corrido de Durango." The Francisco Villa Cycle. Arhoolie Records, 1965.
  • Meyer, Michael C. and William H. Beezley. The Oxford History of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 .
  • Miller, Robert Ryal. Mexico, A History. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.
  • Nicolopulos, James, "The Heroic Corrido: A Premature Obituary?" Aztlan, Vol. 22, Issue 1, 1997, 115¬ 138 .
  • Reilly, Mary Jo and Leslie Jermyn. Cultures of the World: Mexico. New York: Benchmark Books, 1990.
  • Rivera, Diego. Agrarian Leader Zapata. 1931. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 15 Feb. 2009. <http://www.emersonkentcom/history_notes/emiliano_zapata.htm>.
  • Rivera, Diego. Dance in Tehuantepec. 1928. Personal collection, New York. Diego Rivera. By Pete Hamill. New York: HarryN. Abrams, 1999.95 .
  • Rivera, Diego. Ribbon Dance. 1923-24. Court of the Fiestas, Ministry of Education, Mexico City. Diego Rivera. By Pete Hamill. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999. 112 .
  • Sullivan, W. "Pancho Villa: A Life in Corridos." Corridos of the Mexican Revolution: Folk Songs and the Popular Creation of a Mexican Identity. February 6, 2009. <http://special.trincoll.edu/~wsulliva/ Defaulthtm>.
• Sangio, Greza. Art of the Lesser Known East African Painters (top)

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas sodales, massa id blandit sagittis, massa odio elementum odio, sed aliquam risus dolor eu arcu. Vestibulum ac leo laoreet eros egestas tincidunt. Donec tellus erat, porttitor ac molestie eget, vestibulum quis nibh. Nam suscipit congue tellus, id ultricies lectus sodales rhoncus. Aenean molestie quam non dui semper iaculis. Ut et felis at mi dapibus vestibulum eu dignissim lorem. Vestibulum in hendrerit ipsum. Vestibulum commodo mauris id mi porta eu cursus augue porta. Aliquam rutrum elit dui. Praesent urna enim, ullamcorper in interdum ac, vehicula vel sapien. Donec orci libero, sagittis a fermentum nec, laoreet id ipsum. Aliquam vitae urna nibh, non faucibus justo. Praesent in leo tortor.

  Maecenas ultricies pulvinar libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec magna lorem, suscipit at ultrices a, hendrerit et magna. Mauris tincidunt consequat nisi, vel imperdiet augue egestas sed. Vivamus nec dui nec erat dictum adipiscing. Donec eget felis posuere tortor sodales ornare at ac lorem. Ut vitae justo a diam facilisis hendrerit nec sit amet ante. Morbi blandit interdum nibh, at auctor nulla rhoncus tempor. Donec sed odio lectus, eget rutrum tellus. Sed fermentum diam a urna suscipit gravida. Etiam tristique accumsan felis, eu feugiat metus placerat quis. Nam ornare libero et diam molestie posuere. Sed quis mattis arcu. Integer convallis est id justo placerat non vestibulum neque vehicula. Nunc ullamcorper, sem nec fermentum scelerisque, sapien ante pretium dui, ac molestie ipsum nisl ut risus. Integer ipsum est, venenatis sed dictum sit amet, venenatis quis est. Ut nunc justo, dictum sagittis dignissim ac, posuere imperdiet nunc.

  Nulla sem libero, lobortis ac varius id, sodales quis tortor. Duis ut pulvinar erat. Donec vehicula condimentum sem, tempus porta lacus semper eget. Donec lacinia massa in nibh feugiat sit amet tincidunt libero blandit. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Suspendisse vitae risus vitae velit cursus auctor suscipit non dolor. Etiam eros mauris, accumsan a ullamcorper in, malesuada ut felis. In et augue enim. Duis ac arcu metus. Fusce dignissim consequat odio. Duis fermentum purus id risus bibendum pellentesque. Donec in dui sed nibh lobortis auctor.

  Pellentesque feugiat, lorem et mattis tincidunt, nisi elit rhoncus tortor, congue malesuada lacus lorem imperdiet sapien. Praesent bibendum imperdiet erat, suscipit blandit augue lobortis eget. Praesent congue, velit a dignissim feugiat, justo sapien mattis arcu, ut molestie purus libero nec enim. Etiam libero augue, tempus ut dictum quis, scelerisque sed mi. Morbi egestas malesuada sapien, sed suscipit lectus ultricies nec. In a eros magna. Nam rhoncus blandit est, quis pulvinar sapien volutpat quis. In malesuada sem nec urna porta non placerat sem egestas. Integer varius ligula quis orci tempor ac interdum purus faucibus. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras ut ante magna, vel venenatis dolor. Duis ut erat nec orci fermentum sagittis quis vel est. Aenean id arcu tortor, sit amet condimentum sapien. Mauris vehicula porttitor varius. Phasellus non pellentesque felis. Quisque adipiscing posuere erat id aliquet. Nulla diam risus, condimentum non posuere vel, vulputate eu purus. Nunc lorem nulla, placerat eu ultrices vitae, malesuada ac enim.

  Cited Sources

  • Moore, L., Peterson, L. (1983). Convention as transition: Linking the advanced composition course to the college curriculum. Journal of Advanced Composition, 4, 173-187. ERIC EJ 376152.
  • Procter, K. (1990). Writing in art history: An instrument for teaching course content. Issues in Writing 2 (2), 117-127.
  • Proller, N. (1985). Evaluation of the 1984-85 ecia, chapter ii English composition through art history project. Miami: Dade County Public Schools Office of Educational Accountability. ERIC ED 283846.
  • Thaler, R. (1980). Art and the written word. Journal of Basic Writing 2 (4), 72-81. ERIC EJ 238569.
• Rouge, Tsubo. Pottery of South East Asia (top)

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas sodales, massa id blandit sagittis, massa odio elementum odio, sed aliquam risus dolor eu arcu. Vestibulum ac leo laoreet eros egestas tincidunt. Donec tellus erat, porttitor ac molestie eget, vestibulum quis nibh. Nam suscipit congue tellus, id ultricies lectus sodales rhoncus. Aenean molestie quam non dui semper iaculis. Ut et felis at mi dapibus vestibulum eu dignissim lorem. Vestibulum in hendrerit ipsum. Vestibulum commodo mauris id mi porta eu cursus augue porta. Aliquam rutrum elit dui. Praesent urna enim, ullamcorper in interdum ac, vehicula vel sapien. Donec orci libero, sagittis a fermentum nec, laoreet id ipsum. Aliquam vitae urna nibh, non faucibus justo. Praesent in leo tortor.

  Maecenas ultricies pulvinar libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec magna lorem, suscipit at ultrices a, hendrerit et magna. Mauris tincidunt consequat nisi, vel imperdiet augue egestas sed. Vivamus nec dui nec erat dictum adipiscing. Donec eget felis posuere tortor sodales ornare at ac lorem. Ut vitae justo a diam facilisis hendrerit nec sit amet ante. Morbi blandit interdum nibh, at auctor nulla rhoncus tempor. Donec sed odio lectus, eget rutrum tellus. Sed fermentum diam a urna suscipit gravida. Etiam tristique accumsan felis, eu feugiat metus placerat quis. Nam ornare libero et diam molestie posuere. Sed quis mattis arcu. Integer convallis est id justo placerat non vestibulum neque vehicula. Nunc ullamcorper, sem nec fermentum scelerisque, sapien ante pretium dui, ac molestie ipsum nisl ut risus. Integer ipsum est, venenatis sed dictum sit amet, venenatis quis est. Ut nunc justo, dictum sagittis dignissim ac, posuere imperdiet nunc.

  Nulla sem libero, lobortis ac varius id, sodales quis tortor. Duis ut pulvinar erat. Donec vehicula condimentum sem, tempus porta lacus semper eget. Donec lacinia massa in nibh feugiat sit amet tincidunt libero blandit. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Suspendisse vitae risus vitae velit cursus auctor suscipit non dolor. Etiam eros mauris, accumsan a ullamcorper in, malesuada ut felis. In et augue enim. Duis ac arcu metus. Fusce dignissim consequat odio. Duis fermentum purus id risus bibendum pellentesque. Donec in dui sed nibh lobortis auctor.

  Pellentesque feugiat, lorem et mattis tincidunt, nisi elit rhoncus tortor, congue malesuada lacus lorem imperdiet sapien. Praesent bibendum imperdiet erat, suscipit blandit augue lobortis eget. Praesent congue, velit a dignissim feugiat, justo sapien mattis arcu, ut molestie purus libero nec enim. Etiam libero augue, tempus ut dictum quis, scelerisque sed mi. Morbi egestas malesuada sapien, sed suscipit lectus ultricies nec. In a eros magna. Nam rhoncus blandit est, quis pulvinar sapien volutpat quis. In malesuada sem nec urna porta non placerat sem egestas. Integer varius ligula quis orci tempor ac interdum purus faucibus. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras ut ante magna, vel venenatis dolor. Duis ut erat nec orci fermentum sagittis quis vel est. Aenean id arcu tortor, sit amet condimentum sapien. Mauris vehicula porttitor varius. Phasellus non pellentesque felis. Quisque adipiscing posuere erat id aliquet. Nulla diam risus, condimentum non posuere vel, vulputate eu purus. Nunc lorem nulla, placerat eu ultrices vitae, malesuada ac enim.

  Cited Sources

  • Moore, L., Peterson, L. (1983). Convention as transition: Linking the advanced composition course to the college curriculum. Journal of Advanced Composition, 4, 173-187. ERIC EJ 376152.
  • Procter, K. (1990). Writing in art history: An instrument for teaching course content. Issues in Writing 2 (2), 117-127.
  • Proller, N. (1985). Evaluation of the 1984-85 ecia, chapter ii English composition through art history project. Miami: Dade County Public Schools Office of Educational Accountability. ERIC ED 283846.
  • Thaler, R. (1980). Art and the written word. Journal of Basic Writing 2 (4), 72-81. ERIC EJ 238569.
• Zania, Concella. Art's Ability to Heal (top)

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas sodales, massa id blandit sagittis, massa odio elementum odio, sed aliquam risus dolor eu arcu. Vestibulum ac leo laoreet eros egestas tincidunt. Donec tellus erat, porttitor ac molestie eget, vestibulum quis nibh. Nam suscipit congue tellus, id ultricies lectus sodales rhoncus. Aenean molestie quam non dui semper iaculis. Ut et felis at mi dapibus vestibulum eu dignissim lorem. Vestibulum in hendrerit ipsum. Vestibulum commodo mauris id mi porta eu cursus augue porta. Aliquam rutrum elit dui. Praesent urna enim, ullamcorper in interdum ac, vehicula vel sapien. Donec orci libero, sagittis a fermentum nec, laoreet id ipsum. Aliquam vitae urna nibh, non faucibus justo. Praesent in leo tortor.

  Maecenas ultricies pulvinar libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec magna lorem, suscipit at ultrices a, hendrerit et magna. Mauris tincidunt consequat nisi, vel imperdiet augue egestas sed. Vivamus nec dui nec erat dictum adipiscing. Donec eget felis posuere tortor sodales ornare at ac lorem. Ut vitae justo a diam facilisis hendrerit nec sit amet ante. Morbi blandit interdum nibh, at auctor nulla rhoncus tempor. Donec sed odio lectus, eget rutrum tellus. Sed fermentum diam a urna suscipit gravida. Etiam tristique accumsan felis, eu feugiat metus placerat quis. Nam ornare libero et diam molestie posuere. Sed quis mattis arcu. Integer convallis est id justo placerat non vestibulum neque vehicula. Nunc ullamcorper, sem nec fermentum scelerisque, sapien ante pretium dui, ac molestie ipsum nisl ut risus. Integer ipsum est, venenatis sed dictum sit amet, venenatis quis est. Ut nunc justo, dictum sagittis dignissim ac, posuere imperdiet nunc.

  Nulla sem libero, lobortis ac varius id, sodales quis tortor. Duis ut pulvinar erat. Donec vehicula condimentum sem, tempus porta lacus semper eget. Donec lacinia massa in nibh feugiat sit amet tincidunt libero blandit. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Suspendisse vitae risus vitae velit cursus auctor suscipit non dolor. Etiam eros mauris, accumsan a ullamcorper in, malesuada ut felis. In et augue enim. Duis ac arcu metus. Fusce dignissim consequat odio. Duis fermentum purus id risus bibendum pellentesque. Donec in dui sed nibh lobortis auctor.

  Pellentesque feugiat, lorem et mattis tincidunt, nisi elit rhoncus tortor, congue malesuada lacus lorem imperdiet sapien. Praesent bibendum imperdiet erat, suscipit blandit augue lobortis eget. Praesent congue, velit a dignissim feugiat, justo sapien mattis arcu, ut molestie purus libero nec enim. Etiam libero augue, tempus ut dictum quis, scelerisque sed mi. Morbi egestas malesuada sapien, sed suscipit lectus ultricies nec. In a eros magna. Nam rhoncus blandit est, quis pulvinar sapien volutpat quis. In malesuada sem nec urna porta non placerat sem egestas. Integer varius ligula quis orci tempor ac interdum purus faucibus. Aliquam erat volutpat. Cras ut ante magna, vel venenatis dolor. Duis ut erat nec orci fermentum sagittis quis vel est. Aenean id arcu tortor, sit amet condimentum sapien. Mauris vehicula porttitor varius. Phasellus non pellentesque felis. Quisque adipiscing posuere erat id aliquet. Nulla diam risus, condimentum non posuere vel, vulputate eu purus. Nunc lorem nulla, placerat eu ultrices vitae, malesuada ac enim.

  Cited Sources

  • Moore, L., Peterson, L. (1983). Convention as transition: Linking the advanced composition course to the college curriculum. Journal of Advanced Composition, 4, 173-187. ERIC EJ 376152.
  • Procter, K. (1990). Writing in art history: An instrument for teaching course content. Issues in Writing 2 (2), 117-127.
  • Proller, N. (1985). Evaluation of the 1984-85 ecia, chapter ii English composition through art history project. Miami: Dade County Public Schools Office of Educational Accountability. ERIC ED 283846.
  • Thaler, R. (1980). Art and the written word. Journal of Basic Writing 2 (4), 72-81. ERIC EJ 238569.

 

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