STUDY SHEET 3 BI 107

Chapter 12 – Mitosis

1. Know the different phases of interphase.  What cellular events occur during each phase?

2. Draw out each of the 4 phases of mitosis.  Clearly mark the chromosome arrangement in each and the mitotic spindle.

3. For each phase, describe all of the events occurring in the cell.

4. Define the following:

mitotic spindle, chromatin, chromosome, sister chromatid, centromeres, kinetochore, cytokinesis

5. Describe how Cytokinesis occurs and the differences between animal and plant cells.

6. What is the outcome of mitosis (how many cells do you start with, how many do you finish with, what is their genetic makeup)?

7. Describe the enzymes discussed in class and their rolls in regulating the cell cycle.

8. What 2 types of inhibition do cells use to limit their growth?

9. Define: cancer, transformation, tumor (benign and malignant), metastasis

Chapter 13 – Meiosis

1. Define:

haploid (2N or N?), diploid (2N or N?), homologous chromosome, somatic cell, autosome, sex chromosome,   gamete, karyotype, tetrad, chiasmata, synapsis, crossing-over

2. Draw out each of the phases of Meiosis I and Meiosis II.  Clearly mark the chromosome arrangement.

3. Describe events occurring in each phase.

4. When does crossing-over occur?  How does crossing-over contribute to genetic diversity in gametes?

5. Describe how metaphase I and anaphase I differ from mitosis.

6. Contrast meiosis with mitosis in terms of which cells they occur in, how many daughter cells are produced, and the genetic makeup of those cells.

7. Describe independent assortment.

Chapter 14 and 15: Mendelian and nonMendelian genetics

1. Define the following:

gene, locus, allele, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, phenotype, genotype, monohybrid, dihybrid,      testcross, f1 f2 and p generations, true-breeding, pedigree

2. Who was Gregor Mendel?

3. Know Mendel’s Laws.

                A. Traits determined by two factors (alleles).

                B. Factors segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (meiosis).

                C. Two factors are randomly joined together again in the offspring.

4. Be able to form the gametes in mono, dihybrids and trihybrid crosses.

5. Be able to construct Punnett squares for monohybrid, dihybrid and trihybrid crosses, including determining gametes from parents and phenotypes in offspring. How do you calculate the odds of getting a particular offspring in any cross?

6. Contrast complete and incomplete dominance.  What causes this difference?

7. Know how to determine genotype and phenotypes in incomplete dominance.  Give examples of traits that are incompletely dominant.

8. What is codominance?  How does it differ from complete and incomplete dominance, both in phenotypes and molecular differences?

9. Know how to determine offspring in crosses of codominant traits.   Give examples of traits that are codominant.

10. Be able to construct Punnett squares to determine phenotypes from different crosses for incomplete and codominance.

11. What is polygenic inheritance?  Give an example.

12. What is sex-linked inheritance?  How does it differ from all other forms of inheritance?

13. Know how to determine phenotypes and construct punnet squares to determine offspring in sex-linked crosses. Give examples of sex-linked traits.

14. What is nondisjunction?  Describe some diseases associated with nondisjunction.

15. Describe pleiotropy and epistasis.  Include examples.

16. Give examples of dominant and recessive diseases.