STUDY SHEET 4 BI 107: Fall 2008
Definition : DNA, RNA, purine, pyrimidine, helicase, single-strand binding protein, origin of replication, replication bubble, replication fork, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, Okazaki fragment, nucleoside triphosphate, primase, mutation, telomere, telomerase
1. What is the purpose of DNA replication? In what stage of the cell cycle does replication occur?
2. Describe the structure of a nucleotide. What are the 3 parts? Which differs between nucleotides of DNA?
Contrast purine with pyrimidine.
3. Which of the bases pair up?
4. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. Include a description of the antiparallel arrangement of strands.
5. Describe the process of replication in detail, including each of the enzymes involved.
6. How do the replication enzymes know where to begin replicating? What is this area called?
7. What direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides in? What impact does this have on the replication process (what is the difference in forming the leading strand compared to the lagging strand)?
8. Where does the energy for replication come from (specifically, the energy for the addition of each nucleotide)?
9. What are telomeres? Why are they important components of the chromosome?
10. Briefly describe the process for correcting errors in replication or mutation that occur over the life of the cell?
Definition: transcription, translation, RNA polymerase, promoter, transcription factors, terminator, intron, exon, spliceosome, codon, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, anticodon, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,
1. Name and describe in general the two processes that link genes to proteins (include their location in the cell)?
2. Distinguish between RNA and DNA molecules ( bases, sugar, structure, function, location)
3. Describe the three types of RNA and their functions.
4. Describe transcription in detail.
5. Describe exons and introns. Where are they found, function, etc. Which are cut out and what does the cutting? What is the significance of these for human genes?
6. Define codon, anticodon (which RNA has codon, anticodon)
7. What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in translation?
8. Describe the process of translation in detail.
9. Be able to read genetic code and to do small problems:
- DNA given, find mRNA
- DNA given, find peptide chain (protein)
- mRNA given, find peptide chain (protein)
- mRNA given, find tRNA
- mRNA given, find DNA
- peptide chain given, find DNA etc…
1. What are the 2 general ways that a metabolic pathway can be regulated in bacteria ?
2. What is an operon ?
3. Contrast regulatory and structural genes.
4. Describe how the trp repressor and corepressor function.
5. How do the trp and lac repressors differ ? What is an inducer and what is the inducer for the lac repressor ?
6. Describe how the activator CAP works with the lac operon. What does it require to become active ?
7. Describe the different levels of chromosome structure, including histones and nucleosomes.
8. Describe in general how cells differentiate.
9. What is the significance of chromatin structure in gene regulation? Describe acetylation and methylation.
10. What are control elements and enhancers? Where do you find enhancers, what binds to them, and what effect do they have on transcription of a gene?
11. Describe alternative RNA splicing.
12. What effect do miRNAs have on transcription?
13. Define and contrast oncogenes and proto-oncogenes.
14. What is a tumor suppressor gene?
15. Describe Transposons.
16. What proportion of our genome do genes make up? What makes up the remainder of our genome?
1. Define and contrast: recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, biotechnology, vector, restriction enzymes
2. Know the five steps used to insert human genes into bacteria.
10. Practical applications of DNA Technology
a. studying disease
b. gene therapy
c. drugs
d. forensics
e. environmental cleanup
f. agriculture
11. Briefly describe the concerns over genetic engineering.
Chapter 40: AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION
1. Define tissue.
2. Know different types of animal tissues, explain how their structure relates to function and give examples of each.
a. Epithelial tissue: cuboidal, columnar, squamous, *for each – simple and stratified.*
b. Connective tissue: loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone.
For each name the cells present
Give the three types of fibers and their strength/elasticity
c. Muscle: skeletal (striated), cardiac, smooth.
Chapter 47 : ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Define cleavage.
2. Describe morulas and blastulas.
3. Describe the process of gastrulation. What is the significance of gastrulation ?