STUDY SHEET BI 108

Exam 1

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification- a Darwinian view of life

1. State the major points Darwin made in The origin of Species concerning the Earth’s biota.

2. Describe Carolus Linnaeus’ contribution to Darwin’s theory of evolution.

3. Know how to write a scientific name.

4. Describe Jean Baptist Lamarck’s model for how adaptations evolve.

5. Describe Lyell’s contribution to geology and its influence on Darwin.

6. Describe how Charles Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle to formulate and support his theory of evolution.

7. Describe how Alfred Russel Wallace influenced Charles Darwin.

8. Explain what Darwin meant by the principle of common descent and “descent with modification”.

9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.

10. State conditions that led Darwin to propose natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionary change.

11. Describe the lines of evidence Charles Darwin used to support the principle of common descent.

12. Explain why variation was so important to Darwin’s theory.

13. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.

14. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve.

15. Using some contemporary examples, explain how natural selection results in evolutionary change.

16. Describe how homologies, embryology and molecular biology can be used to study the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Chapter 23: Population Genetics/ Hardy-Weinberg Theory

1. Know the driving forces (causes) behind microevolution.

2. Be able to explain the causes with examples.

3. Define microevolution

4. Be able to solve various problems associated with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

5. List the five factors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and understand how each produces evolutionary change.

6. Understand the importance of genetic drift in small, isolated populations.

7. Explain the consequences of nonrandom mating.

8. Understand the connections between natural selection, phenotypes and the environment.

9. Describe and give examples of the three kinds of selection.

10. Understand the limitations of artificial and natural selection.

11. Describe with examples the three types of selection

12. Describe how clines, sexual recombination, heterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection maintain variation.

13. Describe sexual selection.

Key Terms

Adaptation Allele Allele frequency Artificial selection Bottleneck effect Directional selection Disruptive selection Fitness Founder effect

Gene Gene flow Gene frequency Gene pool Genetic drift Genetic polymorphism Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Inbreeding Macroevolution Microevolution

Migration Mutation Natural selection Nonrandom mating Polymorphism Population Population genetics Selection Species Stabilizing selection

Chapter 24: The Origin of species

1.   Name and define the two patterns of speciation ( anagenesis and cladogenesis)

1. Define species in terms of reproduction, niche concept (ecological species), pluralistic, morphological and genealogical.
2. Explain how populations diverge to produce distinct species.
3. List the 5 prezygotic and 3 postzygotic isolating mechanisms that provide barriers to hybridization between species.
4. Explain how adaptative radiation leads to clusters of species.
5. Understand the conditions that foster rapid evolution.
6. Contrast allopatric speciation with sympatric speciation.  Include examples.
7. Differentiate gradual and punctuated evolution.
8. What is meant by “Evo-devo”?  What is an exaptation?

Adaptative radiation Clone Hybrid Niche

Parthenogenesis Polyploid Postzygotic isolating mechanism Prezygotic isolating mechanism

Reproductive isolation Species Subspecies Variety Convergent evolution

Chapter 26: Tracing Phylogeny

1. Explain the importance of fossil record to the study of evolution.

2. Describe how fossils form.

3. Distinguish between relative dating and absolute dating.

4. Be able to explain how isotopes can be used in absolute dating

5. What is half-life, radiometric dating

6. Describe how radiation into new adaptive zones could result in macroevolutionary change.

7. Explain how mass extinction could occur and affect evolution of surviving forms.

8. Describe the 3 competing hypotheses on how organic molecules were first created.

9. How were the first polymers thought to have formed?

10. What are protobionts?

11. Describe the structure of the first self-replicating molecules.

12. Contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

13. How old is the planet?  How old are the oldest fossils of living organisms?  What structures do they form?

14. Describe the effect of photosynthetic prokaryotes on the Earth’s atmosphere.  How did this benefit life?

15. How long ago did the major animal phyla emerge in the fossil record?

16. When was the land colonized by multicellular organisms?