STUDY SHEET BI 108:  Fall 2005

Exam 2

Chapter 25 and 26: Phylogeny and Taxonomy

1. Describe taxonomic hierarchy and the five kingdoms classification system. 

2. Be able to list the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive.

3. Distinguish between homologous and analogous character traits.

4. Define phylogeny

5. List and distinguish among the five kingdoms of life.

6. Know the 3 Domain classification.

Chapter 18: Viruses

1. Describe the general characteristics of viruses (growth requirements and structure).

2. Describe the different ways to classify viruses (shape/structure, genome, host)

3. Know the general replication cycle in Bacteriophages and animal viruses – general stages and contrast different stages.

4. How do viruses target specific cells?

5. Describe and contrast the lytic cycle with the lysogenic cycle.  What type of infection does each create and what is the fate of the host cell?

6. Describe the lifecycle of HIV, a retrovirus, and understand its difficulty in terms of treatment and finding a cure.

7. Be able to name and briefly describe the emerging viruses we talked about in lecture.

8. Be able to list the common viral diseases and differentiate them from bacterial or protistan diseases.

9. What are vaccines?  Describe how they work.

10. Describe both viroids and prions, including chemical structure, host, and an example of diseases they cause (prions).

11. Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?

Chapter 27 – Prokaryotes

1. Describe the three-domain system of classification and explain how it differs from previous systems.

2. Using diagram or description, distinguish among three shapes of Prokaryotes.

3. Describe the structure and function of prokaryotic cell wall.

4. Distinguish between staining properties of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria based on the structure of their cell wall.

5. Explain why disease-causing gram negative bacterial species are generally more pathogenic than disease-causing gram positive bacteria ( base your discussion on the resistance to antibiotics)

6. Describe three mechanisms motile bacteria use to move.

7. Indicate where photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in prokaryotic cells.

8. Be able to list and explain the sources of genetic variation in prokaryote. ( transduction, transformation, conjugation).

9. Describe the four modes of bacterial nutrition. Give an example for each.

10. Distinguish among obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes.

11. List and describe the three main groups of Archaea. 

12. What are endospores? Explain why endospore-forming bacteria are important in the food-canning industry.

13. Give the name of at least three bacteria that cause STD.

14. Be able to list the common bacterial diseases and differentiate them from viral or protistan diseases.

15. Define: parasitism, commensalisms, mutualism, saprophytes.

Chapter 28 – Eukaryotes/Protists

1. Describe how basic eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic ancestors.

2. Explain endosymbiosis and how it led to eukaryotic cells.  What is secondary endosymbiosis?  Which organelles arose through this process?

3. Describe the 3 modes of nutrition for protists.  What are mixotrophs?  Give an example.

4. What is plankton?  Describe the 2 types.  What ecosystems are plankton important in?

5. For the following groups of protists, know the name, representative organisms, and defining characteristics of representatives.  Be able to distinguish between them.

                a.  Euglenozoa – Euglena, Trypanosoma

                b.  Alveolata – Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa (Plasmodium), Paramecium

                c.  Stramenopila – Diatoms, Brown algae

                d.  Rhodophyta – Red algae

                e.  Chlorophyta – Green algae, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulva

f.  Amoebozoa – Gymnamoeba, Entamoeba, Slime molds

                g. Other amoebas (Cercozoa and Radiolaria) – Foraminiferans and Radiolarians

6. Know the organisms that cause the following diseases:

                a.  sleeping sickness            b. dysentery          c. drinking water contamination        d. malaria

7. Draw the basic lifecycle of Plasmodium.  What is the intermediate host?

Chapter 31 – Fungi

1. Describe how fungi meet their nutritional needs

2. Define:

                hyphae, mycelium, septa, ceonocytic hyphae, haustoria

3. Describe the following parts of a generalized fungal lifecycle:

                heterokaryon, plasmogamy, karyogamy, dikaryotic

4. For the 3 fungal phyla, be able to describe the characteristics for each, differences in lifecycles and representative organisms:

                a.  Zygomycota – zygosporangium

                b.  Ascomycota – ascus

                c.  Basidiomycota - basidium

5. What are fairy rings?

6. What are yeasts?  Molds?  Mycorrhizae?

7. What are lichens?  Describe the unique relationship found in lichens.

8. Review the impact fungi have on human health and agriculture.