STUDY SHEET BI 108

Lab Practical

Exercise 1 – Fossils

1. Describe what fossils are and how they are formed.

2. Know the 3 types of fossils.

3. Describe how fossil age is determined.

4. What do fossils tell us about the history of life on earth?

5. Know the major events of the geologic time scale as discussed in class and lab (when was the Cambrian explosion and what occurred during the Cambrian period, when did dinosaurs exist, what lead to their extinction, when did mammals become prominent and diverse, how long have humans existed, etc).

6. Define the following:  extinct, extant, geologic time scale, fossil, sedimentary rock.

Exercise 2 – Population Genetics

1. Define the following terms:

        allele frequency, directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, gene pool, genetic drift,        genotype, genotype frequency, heterozygote, homozygote, macroevolution, microevolution, natural            selection, phenotype, phenotypic frequency, polymorphism, balanced polymorphism, population

2. Write out the two Hardy-Weinberg equations.  Be able to use these equations to calculate genotypic and allelic frequencies.

3. What 5 criteria must be met for Hardy-Weinberg to exist?

4. Which one of the 5 criteria was not met in this lab?  Describe in detail how we simulated this change?

5. Understand the effect of each background on successive genotypes.  For example, what happened to genotypic and allelic frequencies on a white background?  on a black background?  on a mixed background (theoretical)?

Exercise 3 – Human Evolution

1. Be able to identify and describe each of the parts of the human and gorilla skull observed in lab.

2. Distinguish between male and female skulls.

3. Describe the differences between human skulls and those of other primates.

4. Describe the differences seen in the skulls of human ancestors and the progression of modern skull characteristics.

From Ch 34 in the text:

5. Describe the derived characteristics of humans.

6. How long has the human species existed on earth?

7. Describe the evidence for human evolution and the progression of human characteristics within the various lines of human ancestors.

Exercise 4 – Plant Competition

1. Describe the hypothesis we are testing with this experiment.

2. Understand how our experimental setup will test this hypothesis.

Exercise 5 – Protista

1. Define the following terms:

asexual, sexual, colony, syngamy, zygote/zygospore

2. Review the general lifecycle of Chlamydomonas (p27). 

3. Review the characteristics and classification of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta),  Volvox (Chlorophyta), Euglena (Euglenozoa), Paramecium (Alveolata), Spirogyra (Chlorophyta), Trypanosoma (Euglenozoa), Plasmodium (Alveolata), Vorticella (Alveolata), Amoeba (Amoebozoa) and the Diatoms (Stramenopila).  Each of these is found in Ch 28 of your text.

4. For each organism above, be able to identify them from specimens and place them into the appropriate kingdom.

Exercise 5 – Fungi

1. Define the following terms:

hyphae, spore, mycelium, chitin, sporangium, ascus, basidium, zygosporangium, conidia

2. Review the characteristics of Rhizopus (Zygomycota), Saccharomyces (Ascomycota), Penicillium (Ascomycota), Peziza (Ascomycota), and Coprinus (Basidiomycota).  We also looked at, , and Aspergillus.

3. Be able to describe and recognize the general differences between these three groups, including lifecycles, growth forms and reproductive structures.  Use Ch 31 in your text as reference.

4. Describe what lichen are and explain the symbiotic relationship envolved.

Exercise 6 – Non-flowering plants

1. Define the following terms:

vascular system, alternation of generations, syngamy, fertilization, seed, spore, sporophyte, gametophyte,  antheridia, archegonia, protonema, xylem, phloem, sorus, sporangium, prothallus, gymnosperm, microspore, megaspore, pollen

2. What adaptations do plants have that allow them to survive on land?

3. Review the characteristics of Phylum Bryophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (liverworts (Marchantia)), Pterophyta (ferns), and Coniferophyta (gymnosperms), including lifecycles, growth forms and reproductive structures.  Use Ch 29 in your text as reference.

4. For each of the groups above know which growth form is dominant – sporophyte or gametophyte, N or 2N.  Is the minor growth form nutritionally independent?  Be able to distinguish between the three based on lifecycles, slides or whole specimens.

5. For each of the 4 know the differences in terms of seed/spore and vascular/non-vascular.