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Roman Numerals
There are only seven symbols for Roman numerals:
| I |
V |
X |
L |
C |
D |
M |
| 1 |
5 |
10 |
50 |
100 |
500 |
1,000 |
Some mnemonic [assisting the memory] devices:
| C = century [100 years] |
L = 50 |
| M = millennium [1000 years] |
D = demi-millennium [500] |
Digits to the right add up. Add for numbers up to three:
| I |
II |
III |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
X |
XI |
XII |
XIII |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
| XX |
XXX |
C |
CI |
CXI |
CXIII |
CC |
CCC |
CCCXXXIII |
MMM |
| 20 |
30 |
100 |
101 |
111 |
113 |
200 |
300 |
333 |
3000 |
The number four and the number nine have to be subtracted by digits on the left:
| IV |
XL |
XLIX |
CD |
IX |
XC |
XCIV |
CM |
CMXLIX |
| 4 |
40 |
49 |
400 |
9 |
90 |
94 |
900 |
949 |
The number four and the number nine have to be
subtracted by digits on the left:
| I_____ |
V____ |
X____ |
L____ |
C_____ |
D____ |
M |
| |
I |
I |
X |
X |
C |
C |
Examples:
| XIII |
XIV |
XV |
XVI |
XIX |
XX |
| 13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
19 |
20 |
| XXIII |
XXV |
XXVI |
XXIX |
XXXIX |
XL |
| 23 |
25 |
26 |
29 |
39 |
40 |
| XLIII |
XLIV |
XLV |
XLVI |
XLIX |
L |
| 43 |
44 |
45 |
46 |
49 |
50 |
| LIII |
LIV |
LV |
LVI |
LIX |
LX |
| 53 |
54 |
55 |
56 |
59 |
60 |
| LXIII |
XCIV |
CV |
CDVI |
D |
DI |
| 63 |
94 |
105 |
406 |
500 |
501 |
| MDCCLXXVI |
MDCCCV |
MCM |
MCMXCVI |
MMI |
MMIII |
| 1776 |
1805 |
1900 |
1996 |
2001 |
2003 |
Created by Miriam Claude Meijer, Ph.D. |
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