Don Marquis, "Why Abortion Is Immoral?"
Marquis argues that most abortions are immoral because they deprive
the
fetus of a future like ours. This future-like-ours is a future of value;
hence, to deny
such a future is wrong.
Those opposed to abortion give a version of the premise that the fetus
is a
human being (looks like a human being, possesses a human genetic code).
Those in
favor of abortion offer a version of the premise that the fetus is
not a person (or a
rational agent or a social being). Each in turn relies on a second
premise. Those
opposed to abortion ordinarily make this second premise broad -- for
example, to
take human life is prima facie wrong. Those in favor of abortion identify
a premise
that is narrow in scope so that the fetus will not fall under it: "it
is prima facie
seriously wrong to kill only persons" or "it is prima facie wrong to
kill only rational
agents."
The first of these moral premises would include the killing of cancer
cells.
The second would not explain why killing infants, young children, severely
retarded, or the mentally ill is judged wrong. Each side attacks the
other for
unacceptable moral premises.
Each side retreats: the anti-abortionists modify their principle to
read: "to take
the life of a human being is prima facie wrong." The pro-choicers extend
the
category "person" to young children and infants, but not to fetuses.
Each is faced
with arbitrariness: it seems arbitrary to categorize the fetus as a
human being (since
some development is ordinarily required to
qualify as a human being), and it seems arbitrary to describe an infant
but not a
late-stage fetus as a person.
Marquis does not give up on the search. He examines why people ordinarily
regard it as seriously wrong prima facie to take the life of an adult
human being.
He concludes that it is prima facie seriously wrong to deprive someone
of a future/
a future of value/ a future-like-ours. To do so deprives me as the
victim "of those
activities, projects, experiences, and enjoyments which would otherwise
have
constituted my future personal life." (216b)
Marquis claims that his position
1) is incompatible with the view that it is wrong to kill only beings
who are
biologically human;
2) entails that it may sometimes be wrong to kill nonhuman animals;
3) does not entail that active euthanasia is always wrong;
4) entails that it is straightforwardly wrong to kill children and
infants;
5) does not entail that contraception is wrong.
6) does not rest on religious claims or Papal dogma.
7) can't be accused of speciesism: the soundness of the argument is
compatible with euthanasia and contraception.
Marquis attempts to avoid a tyranny of perfectionism by limiting what
his
position entails and by attempting to identify a fact that most or
all persons would
agree to—namely, that the fetus is deprived of a future like ours.