CHAPTER 16

THE SPECIAL SENSES

1. State the structure and location of gustatory cells. 

2. Describe the physiology of taste.  You will not be tested on taste intensity, adaptation, transduction, or specific cranial nerves. 

3. State the location and basic structure of olfactory cells. 

4. Describe the physiology of smell, including why chemicals must be volatile and water-soluble to be "smellable".  You will not be tested on smell transduction or the olfactory pathway as covered in the text.

5. Explain how a zinc deficiency can result in smell and taste dysfunction.

6. Define conjunctivitis. 

7. Describe the movement of tears through the lacrimal apparatus.  State the function of tears.

8. Explain the transplant ability of the cornea. 

9. State why the optic disc is also called the blind spot. 

10. Contrast the functions of rods and cones. 

11. Describe retinal detachment.

12. Define glaucoma and cataract.

13. Define refraction and focal point.

14. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina. 

15. Explain how light is focused for distant and close vision.

16. Define myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.  State how each is corrected with lenses.

17. Explain how light rays arriving at the retina result in the generation and transmission of visual impulses to the brain. 

18. Explain why vitamin A is needed by the retina for good vision. 

19. Differentiate between the function of the three types of cones.  You will not be tested on the actual wavelengths to which each cone type responds. 

20. State the cause of color blindness.

21. From lecture contrast light and dark adaptation.

22. Define night blindness and explain its relationship with a vitamin A deficiency. 

23. You will not be tested on the visual pathway to the brain, stereoscopic vision, depth perception, or visual processing as covered by the text. 

24. Define otitis media and state the involvement of the pharyngotympanic tube.

25. Describe the physiology of hearing.  Include a description of the frequency and amplitude of sound waves.  You will not be tested on decibel measurements, the auditory pathway to the brain, or auditory processing as covered by the text.

26. Define conduction and sensorineural deafness.

27. State the effect of prolonged exposure to very loud sounds. 

28. Describe the physiology of equilibrium and orientation.  You will not be tested on the equilibrium pathway to the brain.

29. Explain the cause of motion sickness.

30. Describe changes that occur in the special sense organs with aging.

31. Identify and state the function (unless marked *) and location of the following:

lacrimal apparatus*                                                                                lacrimal gland

     lacrimal canals                                               

     nasolacrimal duct                                                     

eyebrow  

eyelid 

     conjunctiva

extrinsic eye muscles                                 

eye                                                                                 

     sclera          

     cornea

     choroid                                                         

     ciliary body*                                                      

          ciliary muscles                                                         

          ciliary processes

     suspensory ligament                                       

     lens                                                                       

     iris     

          pupil                                                                                          posterior segment                                               

          vitreous humor                                               

     anterior segment                                                 

          aqueous  humor                                                  

          anterior chamber*                                               

          posterior chamber*                                                                          

     retina 

          optic disc (blind spot)*                                        

optic nerve                                                                                     

ear

     external ear*

          auricle

          external auditory canal

     tympanic membrane

     middle ear*

          ossicles

              malleus*

              incus*

              stapes*

          pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

     oval window

     round  window

     inner ear*

          utricle

          saccule

          semicircular canals

          cochlea*

              organ of Corti

vestibulocochlear nerve