CHAPTER 7

THE SKELETON

1. State the major parts and function of the axial skeleton. 

2. State how bones of the skull are united.

3. State the functions of the following components of the skull:

a. foramen magnum

b. occipital condyles

c. external auditory meatus

d. styloid process

e. mastoid process

f. petrous portion of the temporal bone (p. 203 erroneously says petrous "region" rather than petrous "portion")

g. cribriform plates

h. crista galli

i. intervertebral discs

j. inferior articular processes

k. superior articular processes

4. Name the two components of the zygomatic arch. 

5. Name the two components of the temporomandibular joint.

6. Name the bones forming the hard palate (bony roof of the oral cavity).  Figure 7.4 (a) will help clarify. 

7. Know that the internal auditory meatus is a passageway for the nerve that carries sound and balance messages to the brain.

8. Name the structure that the sella turcica protectively encloses.

9. Know that each optic canal is a passageway for the optic nerve that carries vision messages to the brain.

10. Know that the mandibular and maxillary alveolar margins are the attachment sites of teeth.  Know that tooth loss can occur when these margins are destroyed by bacterial infection as a result of periodontal disease.

11. Define orbit. 

12. Name the components of the nasal septum.  Figure 7.10 (b) will help clarify. 

13. State the functions of the paranasal sinuses.

14. State the common name and functions of the vertebral column. 

15. Describe the arrangement of the five divisions of the vertebral column, including the number of vertebrae in each division.

16. Define scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. 

17. State what the vertebral foramen form and what they enclose. 

18. State the functions of the following components of the vertebral column:

a. intervertebral discs

b. intervertebral foramina

c. transverse foramina

d. transverse process facets

19. Explain how the superior and inferior articulr processes interact. 

20. State the function of the costal cartilages and know that their flexibility allows rib movement during breathing.

21. State the major parts and function of the appendicular skeleton.

22. State the functions of the following components of the Appendicular skeleton:

a. pectoral girdle

b. glenoid cavity

c. pelvic girdle

d. acetabulum

23. Define pelvis and be able to differentiate it from the pelvic girdle. 

24. Name the bones composing the acetabulum. 

25. Describe the pubic symphysis joint.

26. Define fontanel and state their function. 

27. Define cleft palate and explain how the lungs are affected. 

28. Identify the following components of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton on articulated skeletons and individual bones.  State to which bone each listed marking is a component.  Also, recognize on the live body all items marked *.

**Note:  Learning bone markings will be easier if you first familiarize yourself with their individual meaning by referring to Table 6.1 in Chapter 6.

AXIAL SKELETON

skull

cranium facial bones

sutures                                                mandible*

orbits                                                       coronoid process

frontal bone* mandibular condyle

     frontal sinus                                         alveolar margin

parietal bones*                                     maxilla (pl. = maxillae)*

occipital bone*                                          alveolar margin

     occipital condyles                                  palatine process

     foramen magnum                                   maxillary sinuses

temporal bones* zygomatic bones*

zygomatic process                            nasal bones*

mandibular fossa lacrimal bones

styloid process                                 palatine bones

     mastoid process* vomer

petrous portion

     external auditory meatus

     internal auditory meatus

sphenoid bone

     sphenoid sinuses

sella turcica

     optic canal

ethmoid bone

crista galli

cribriform plates

     perpendicular plate

ethmoid sinuses

        fontanels                                                                                   

hyoid bone

vertebral column

typical parts of vertebra (pl. = vertebrae)       cervical vertebra

     body                                                        transverse foramina

     vertebral arch                                            bifid spinous process

          transverse process                            thoracic vertebra

spinous process*                                           transverse process facets

          superior articular process                   lumbar vertebra

          inferior articular process                     sacrum

     vertebral foramen                                  coccyx

intervertebral foramen (pl. = foramina)                                                 

bony thorax

sternum*                                                              

manubrium

     body

xiphoid process

rib*

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

pectoral girdle

     clavicle*                                                                scapula*

sternal end                                                glenoid cavity

acromial end                                              spine

acromion

coracoid process               

upper limb

humerus*                                                              ulna*

          head                                                        olecranon process*

          greater tubercle                                         coronoid process

          lesser tubercle                                           trochlear notch

          deltoid tuberosity                                       radial notch

trochlea                                                    head

capitulum styloid process

          medial epicondyle*                                         radius*

          lateral epicondyle*                                               head

coronoid fossa                                           radial tuberosity

olecranon fossa ulnar notch

styloid process

                                                                   carpals*

                                                                   metacarpals*

                                                                  phalanges*                      

pelvic girdle 

     pubis                                                        acetabulum

ilium obturator foramen

          iliac crest*                                                      pubic symphysis

ischium                                                     male vs female pelvis

ischial tuberosity*                                                                     

lower limb

     femur                                                       tibia*

          head                                                        medial condyle

          greater trochanter                                      lateral condyle

          lesser trochanter                                        medial malleolus*

          medial condyle tibial tuberosity

          lateral condyle                                      fibula

     patella*                                                                      lateral malleolus*

tarsals*

metatarsals*

phalanges*