CHAPTER 9

MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE

1. State the name for individual muscle cells. 

2. Compare and contrast the three muscle tissues with regard to location and nervous system control (also refer to chapter 4).

3. Describe the four functions of muscles.

4. Define stimulus.

5. Describe the four characteristics of muscles. 

6. Describe the gross anatomy of a skeletal muscle by explaining the arrangement of its muscle fibers and their connective tissue coverings.  Explain how these connective tissue coverings assist the muscle's function. 

7. Define aponeurosis (also refer to p. 132). 

8. Explain why most muscles need tendons.

9. State the function of each of the following:

a. Sarcolemma

b. A band

c. I band

d. Z disc

e. Sarcomere

f. Myosin cross bridge

g. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

h. T tubule

10. Name the primary protein composing each type of filament. 

11. Explain the mechanism for contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. 

12. Describe the neuromuscular junction. 

13. Describe how muscle fiber contraction is initiated and regulated by nervous system and the neuromuscular junction. 

14. Describe the fate of acetylcholine following its binding to acetylcholine receptors.

15. Explain the mechanism for relaxation of a skeletal muscle fiber. 

16. To the depth covered in lecture and your lab computer activities, explain the mechanism of contraction of an entire skeletal muscle.  Include a discussion of  motor units, summation  and recruitment. 

17. Define muscle twitch.

18. To the depth covered in lecture and your lab computer activities, explain how smooth, graded contractions of an entire skeletal muscle are produced. 

19. Define muscle tone.

20. Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions.

21. Describe energy production and storage in a muscle.

22. Define muscle fatigue and list its possible causes.  Explain from lecture how excessive muscle activity can produce muscle soreness. 

23. Define oxygen debt. 

24. Explain how pre-exercise conditions are restored to a muscle.

25. Explain how aerobic, or endurance, exercise benefits the body.  You will not be tested on myoglobin or fiber types such as fast-twitch. 

26. Define muscle hypertrophy.  Explain how resistance exercise can result 

27. in muscle hypertrophy. 

28. Define muscle atrophy and briefly state its cause.  It is important to your careers to read the remainder of the sections on disuse atrophy and training smart although you will not be tested on them.

29. Explain the biological basis for a difference in strength between women and men. 

30. Describe the changes that occur in skeletal muscle as we get old and state how we can help offset the effects of aging on the muscular system.

31. Define spasm and strain (see p.318).

32. Identify the following:

          skeletal muscle tissue

              epimysium

              perimysium

              fascicle

              endomysium

              fiber

                   sarcolemma

                   sarcoplasmic reticulum

                   T tubules

                   myofibrils

                        sarcomere

                             thick filaments

                             thin filaments

                             A band

                             I band

                        Z disc